The term pesticide encompasses various agricultural pesticides, such as fungicides, herbicides, nematicides, and rodenticides, among others. Its use prevents losses in cultivation and improves the yield of planting and soil use, as its use has become indispensable in agriculture. Pesticides are agricultural inputs capable of killing pests that cause damage or imbalances in plant growth, such as insects, plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Otherwise, the beneficial effects will harm the plants, the environment, microorganisms, and living beings. First, the dose applied per hectare cannot be significantly high. However, there are several problems associated with the excessive use of fertilizers. Therefore, the forecast is that the use of fertilizers will increase due to population growth. It is predicted that by 2050 this consumption will increase from 150% to 175%, with a population between 9.4 and 10 million inhabitants. In 2014, around 137 kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers were used to feed 7243.8 million people. According to data provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in 2000, around 109 kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, were used to feed the 6127.7 million inhabitants. Its use is present from large plantations to landscaping.
įertilizers are agricultural inputs that increase the productivity and vigor of the crop by promoting the availability of nutrients in the soil for plant growth. In addition, aquaporins, ion channels, stomata, and vessels transport NPs throughout the plant. These proteins facilitate the entry of NPs into plant tissues, allowing for the NPs to exert their properties. Another mechanism of action of AgNPs would be through plasmodesmata and proteins, such as aquaporins. From the entry of NPs into plant tissues, they can be carried by apoplastic or symplastic transport pathways, since NPs can be mobilized from the root part to the shooting part through the xylem and, if distributed through the shooting part, can be translocated through the phloem. However, this passage through the membrane can be altered depending on the characteristics of the NPs, such as charge, size, morphology, and hydrophobicity, among others. It is believed that due to the size of the NPs, which range from 1 to 100 nm, they can more easily enter the pores of the seeds and thus manage to cross the plasma membrane by direct diffusion, endocytosis, or transmembrane proteins. The mechanism of action of NPs is being increasingly explored, but there are still many questions about how NPs improve plant growth. Foods are now seen as protagonists of long life, and healthy and naturally colored foods, as a way to guarantee variety mainly in terms of vitamins and minerals, and considering the cultural and behavioral aspects of a region, are preponderant factors for the new era of food. Processed foods, encouraged by marketing, are starting to be replaced by the association of long life and healthy eating. Fresh foods, such as vegetables and fruits, can be healthy products when cultivated and distributed organically and sustainably. In addition, guaranteeing access, flavor, and cost must be a priority for everyone. However, society must also offer subsidies, in order that individuals can establish healthy habits in their routines. This is due to the fact that an individual needs to adapt their habits to the society they are part of. One of the least discussed issues associated with healthy eating habits is linked to food and its cultural meanings. Many aspects must be considered to establish that an individual has a healthy diet. In this review article, we will address how caring for agriculture can directly influence the quality of the most desired foods in contemporary society, and how new alternatives based on nanotechnology can point to efficient and safe solutions for living beings on our planet. All these improvements are based on the better use of land use in synergy with the lowest generation of environmental impacts and the health of living beings, with a view to the study and production of technologies that take into account the concept of One Health in its processes and products. In this way, bionanotechnology appears as an ally in developing technologies to improve planting conditions, ranging from the health of farmers and consumers to the production of new foods and functional foods. To increase crop productivity and achieve high vigor standards in less time, farmers make excessive use of agrochemicals that generate various economic, environmental, and clinical problems. However, these foods are often grown in the presence of agrochemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides. In particular, in natura foods are increasingly encouraged, since they have a high concentration of nutrients. Healthy eating habits are one of the requirements for the health of society.
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